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What Aadhaar’s new 16-digit Virtual Identity means, how it seeks to add security

• The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), which is facing criticism in the light of alleged data breaches, announced a new method of identification called Virtual Identity (VID) in short.
• It also introduced what it described as a system of “Limited KYC” (Know Your Customer) to reduce the storage of Aadhaar numbers with the Authentication User Agencies (AUAs), while still letting them do paperless authentications.
• The new VID system will hide the Aadhaar number from the authenticating agency, while still confirming the identity of the user.

What is VID? How will it be different from the Aadhaar number itself?

Current Affairs update will be done by once a month for RIMC/.NDA/ACC/CDSE Apirants

• UIDAI has said VID will be a 16-digit number, which will be temporary in nature.
• So, unlike the 12-digit Aadhaar number that is permanent, the VID will have a certain period of validity, at the end of which it will expire, and the user will have to generate a new one.
• The UIDAI has said that VID will help confirm your identity to the AUA (for example, a bank), it will not necessarily share your Aadhaar number and other data with the AUA.

How will the public generate the VID?

• The users will be able to generate the VID from the Aadhaar resident portal, Aadhaar Enrolment Centres, and the mAadhaar app on Android.
• The circular says that once the new system comes into effect, all agencies will have to provide this as an option, instead of just relying on the Aadhaar number.

Limited KYC

• New VID method is complicated and confusing.
• UIDAI has also introduced a Limited KYC, which is supposed to allow “paperless” authentication, while ensuring at the same time that the Aadhaar database is not accessed.
• For this AUAs will be divided into two separate categories: “Global AUAs” and “Local AUAs”.
• The Global AUAs will have complete access to the full eKYC (Aadhaar number), and will also be able to store Aadhaar numbers in their systems.
• Local AUAs, on the other hand, will have “Limited KYC”, and will only get a UID token which they can use to identify customers.
• This UID will be unique for each Aadhaar number — a 72-character alphanumeric string.
• Each Aadhaar will have a unique UID for each particular AUA entity.
• Till now UIDAI no decided the names in Global and local AUAs lists.

 What happens to an Aadhaar that has already been shared with several agencies?

• Local AUAs will have to change their systems to “replace Aadhaar number within the databases with this UID token”.

Topic- GS-2- Indian Polity

Source- Indian Express

Dispute over waters of the Mahadayi

Mahadayi River (Called Mandovi in Goa)

• The river rises in the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats, in Khanapur taluk of Karnataka’s Belagavi district, and flows in a general westerly direction, entering Goa in the Sattari taluk of North Goa district.
• It is joined by a number of streams along the way, growing in volume to become the Mandovi, one of Goa’s two major rivers, before emptying itself into the Arabian Sea at Panaji.
• About two-thirds (76 km) of the Mahadayi’s (also called Mandovi in Goa) 111-km length is in Goa.
• The sweet-water Mandovi is crucial to the state’s water security, ecology, and as an important source of its staple diet of fish.

The Dispute

• The dispute started in the 80s- and tensions between Goa and Karnataka escalated through the early 90s, as Karnataka designed a chain of dams and canals to channel the Mahadayi’s water to the basin of the Malaprabha, tributary of the Krishna.
• In 2002, Goa sought the setting up of a Tribunal to adjudicate the dispute.
• In 2006, it moved the Supreme Court to press its demand.
• After attempts at negotiation failed, the Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal was set up on November 16, 2010.

The Ecology

• The non-saline, tidally insulated basin is home to the extremely fragile, ancient tropical freshwater Myristica swamps, considered to be the most primitive flowering plants on Earth.
• Draining the swamps could lead to floods and erosion, with catastrophic consequences for the ecology of the Western Ghats, say ecologists.
• Dudhsagar waterfall which is in Goa may disappear.
• On the health of the Mahadayi also depends that of at least three protected habitats — the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahadayi Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary.

Look Further

Inter-state Water Dispute Act, 1956-

• Under the Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956, which provides legal framework to address such issues, a tribunal can be formed after a state government approaches the Union government with such a request and the Centre is convinced of the need to form the tribunal.
• Only three out of the eight existing tribunals have given awards accepted by the states concerned.
• Tribunals like those on the Cauvery and Ravi-Beas rivers have been in existence for over 25 years without any award.
• There is no time-limit for adjudication by a tribunal.

Topic- GS-2- Indian Polity

Source- Indian Express

EC panel to suggest changes to Representation of the People Act

• Election Commission has constituted a 14-member committee to suggest changes to Section 126 of the Representation of the People Act in view of social media expansion.
• The Act prohibits poll campaign in the last 48 hours of voting.
• The Committee chaired by Senior Deputy Election Commissioner Umesh Sinha will study the impact of social media during the silence period and suggest modifications to the election law and model code of conduct.

Look Further

Representation of People Act (RPA), 1950

• Representation of People Act (RPA), 1950 is an act of parliament enacted to provide following provisions-
  (a) Qualification of voters
  (b) Preparation of electoral rolls
  (c) Delimitation of constituencies
  (d) Allocation of seats in the Parliament and state legislatures.

Representation of People Act (RPA), 1951

• The Representation of People Act, 1951 is an act of Parliament of India to provide

(a) Conduct of elections of the Houses of Parliament

(b) Conduct of elections of Houses of the Legislature of each State

(c) The qualifications and disqualifications for membership

The Act was enacted by the provisional parliament under Article 327 of Indian Constitution, before the first general election.

(d) By Elections

(e) Election Disputes

Amendments in RPA, 1952

• The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1966, which abolished the election tribunals and transferred the election petitions to the high court’s whose orders can be appealed to Supreme Court.
• However, election disputes regarding the election of President and Vice-President are directly heard by the Supreme Court.

Topic- GS-2- Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Source- AIR + Wiki

Supreme Court to review Section 377: Here’s what you need to know

• Section 377 criminalises sexual acts “against the order of nature” and has undergone many twists and turns ever since the Delhi High Court decriminalised it in 2009.
• Later, in 2013, the Supreme Court overturned the decision.
• But, with the apex court deciding to revisit its decision recently, there is a renewed hope among the members of the LGBT community.

What is Section 377?

• Section 377 of IPC – which came into force in 1862 – defines unnatural offences.
• It says, “Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to fine.”

 What was the High Court ruling on Section 377 in 2009?

• Following a PIL by Delhi-based Naz Foundation, an NGO fighting for gay rights, the Delhi HC on July 3, 2009, struck down Section 377 of the IPC, holding that it violated the fundamental rights of life and liberty and the right to equality as guaranteed in the Constitution.
• The court said Section 377 violates the Articles 21 (Right to Protection of Life and Personal Liberty), Article 14 (Right to equality before law) and Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth) of the Constitution.

Supreme Court reverse the High Court verdict

• The Supreme Court reversed the HC verdict in December 2013 and upheld the constitutional validity of Section 377 of IPC.

 What was the Supreme Court verdict on transgenders?

• In the April 2014 verdict, hailed by gender rights activists, the apex court directed the government to declare transgenders a ‘third gender’ along with male and female.
• It also asked the Centre to include them in the OBC quota.
• SC said transgenders should have all rights under the law, including marriage, adoption, divorce, succession, and inheritance.

What happens now?

• Recently Supreme Court decided to re-examine the constitutional validity of Section 377 and said the matter would be referred to a larger bench.